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The Neapolitan Sixth chord is a distinctive harmony used in classical and popular music. It adds a dramatic and emotional color to compositions, making it a favorite among composers and musicians alike. Understanding its sound and how to use it can enhance your musical creativity and ear training.
What is the Neapolitan Sixth Chord?
The Neapolitan Sixth is a special type of chord built on the lowered second degree of a scale. It is typically used in the context of Western tonal music, especially in minor keys. Its name comes from its traditional use in the second inversion of a major chord, giving it a unique sound that stands out.
How to Construct the Neapolitan Sixth
The chord is built on the lowered second scale degree, also known as the flat second or Neapolitan. In the key of C minor, for example, the second scale degree is D. The Neapolitan chord is built on D♭, which is a half step below D.
To form the Neapolitan Sixth, take the following steps:
- Identify the key (e.g., C minor).
- Find the second scale degree (D).
- Lower this note by a half step to D♭.
- Construct a major chord on D♭ (D♭-F-A♭).
- In most cases, use the chord in its first inversion, so the notes are F (bass), D♭, and A♭.
Sound and Characteristics
The Neapolitan Sixth has a distinctive, tense sound. Its major quality on a lowered second scale degree creates a sense of surprise and emotional intensity. When placed in a progression, it often leads to the dominant chord, creating a strong sense of resolution.
Its sound can be described as dark, dramatic, and somewhat exotic. Musicians often use it to evoke feelings of longing, tension, or drama in their compositions.
Common Uses in Music
The Neapolitan Sixth appears frequently in classical music, especially in the works of composers like Mozart, Beethoven, and Chopin. It is often used in the following contexts:
- As a pre-dominant chord leading to the dominant or V chord.
- In dramatic moments to heighten emotional impact.
- In minor keys to add color and tension to cadences.
Example in a Classical Progression
A typical progression might be: ii°6 – V – I, where the ii°6 is replaced by the Neapolitan chord. For example, in C minor: D♭ major in first inversion (F-D♭-A♭) moves to G major (V), then resolves to C minor (I).
Tips for Beginners
To incorporate the Neapolitan Sixth into your playing or composing:
- Practice identifying the lowered second scale degree in different keys.
- Experiment with playing the chord in various inversions.
- Use it to create tension before resolving to the dominant or tonic.
- Listen to classical pieces that feature the Neapolitan to internalize its sound.
With practice, the Neapolitan Sixth can become a powerful tool for expressing emotion and adding sophistication to your music.