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The relationship between dominant prolongation and secondary dominants is a fundamental aspect of Western tonal music. Understanding how these elements interact can deepen our appreciation of harmonic progressions and compositional techniques.
What Is Dominant Prolongation?
Dominant prolongation occurs when the dominant chord (V) is extended or sustained over a longer period. This prolongation creates tension and anticipation, leading the listener to expect a resolution to the tonic (I). Composers often use this technique to build drama within a piece.
Understanding Secondary Dominants
Secondary dominants are chords that function as the dominant of a chord other than the tonic. They temporarily tonicize a different degree of the scale, creating a sense of surprise or emphasis. For example, V/ii is the dominant of the supertonic (ii), often used to highlight that chord.
The Interaction Between the Two
When secondary dominants are used alongside dominant prolongation, they can intensify harmonic tension. A secondary dominant can be prolonged, much like a primary dominant, to emphasize a particular chord. This prolongation heightens the listener’s expectation for a resolution, making the eventual move to the target chord more satisfying.
For example, a composer might prolong V/ii before resolving it to ii. This creates a layered sense of expectation, as the listener anticipates the resolution both from the primary dominant and the secondary dominant prolongation.
Practical Applications
- In Classical Music: Composers like Mozart and Beethoven often used extended dominant functions to build tension before resolving to the tonic or other chords.
- In Jazz and Popular Music: Secondary dominants and their prolongation are common tools for creating harmonic interest and complexity.
- In Composition: Understanding this interplay allows composers to craft more expressive and dynamic progressions.
Mastering the interplay between dominant prolongation and secondary dominants enriches a musician’s harmonic vocabulary. It provides tools to craft compelling, tension-filled progressions that captivate listeners and enhance musical storytelling.